General Ski Techniques: An Evolution

Over the years cross country ski techniques have changed in response to better tracks and equipment. Competition has also added changes as athletes become stronger, more efficient and faster. Some of these competition innovations have also been accepted by the general skiing public. The series of pictures presented below highlight some of these technique changes.

Older Technique: The older techniques involved a lot of side action with the poles and a low body position.

Thorleif Haug …19 Olympic Champion .. excessive arm swing
An early skater … 1939 Canadian Dominion Championships – Banff Alberta
A slowing technique on downhills called glissade
Many skiers maintained a low body position
Touring … a lot of the arm action was out front
Again … a low body position
Hakon Brusveen … 1960 Olympic Champion with typical low body position
Very deep double poling was the norm
The beginning of the “reaching” period

Techniques of the 60’s to 80’s

In this period there was an emphasis on reaching with the arms and executing a very open and extended kick technique… like widely opened scissors.

A well executed diagonal stride…Clarence Servold ..Canadian Olympian
Arm action well behind the body .. Ero Mantyranta.. Finnish Olympian
Typical open diagonal stride .. Matti Saarinen
Another typical open stride … Brian Scallian
Typical European stride .. open arms and high kick
Extreme open stride at high speed … Marty Hall..Coach
High kick and open arms at high speed …Dave Rees .. Canadian Olympian
Double pole initiation …hands held high..
A peculiar technique .. from The Family Guide to Cross Country Skiing, Baldwin, 1976
Fence jumping … Baldwin, 1976

Basic Skate Techniques: 80’s onwards

In this period the skating techniques have become popular and today may have supplanted the classical techniques as the norm for many skiers.

An early skate technique … the marathon skate
The marathon skate , often with hunched shoulders …. Gunde Svan, Swedish Olympian
Modern off-set skate technique
Modern one skate technique

Modern Techniques